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Zurich,
May 25, 2012
In the wake of the 100th day of
the general student strike in Québec and in the aftermath of passing the
so-called Special Law 78, the global
rupture these events evoked cannot be overlooked. In solidarity with Québec,
its students, activists and the Quebecois people reminding us of the rights
for free education, the right for peaceful assembly and political expression,
this interview has been prompted spontaneously during a workshop at Zurich
University of the Arts. Based on discussions in the work of Christian Marazzi
on the shift from real production to what he calls financialization and Silvia
Federici’s and George Caffentzis’ conceptual, activist and feminist involvement
in the Occupy movement in New York and Maine this interview hopes to put
emphasis on the problem of debt at the core of current movements around the
globe. Aspects concerning the role of affect and the problem of continuity in
these movements are inseparable from the social, political and economic
circumstances usually foregrounded in the public media.
CB – Christoph Brunner
GC - George
Caffentzis
SF - Silvia Federici
CM - Christian
Marazzi
CB: The genealogy of student loans and fees
in the United States is dating back to the 1960s and 1970s. From the
introduction of tuition fees an unraveling process of debt has been taking off.
Current conservative opinions concerning the circumstances in Québec often
refer to the modest increase of fees proposed by the Charest government and the
general acceptance of fees as a legitimate contribution to society. These
inappropriate and anachronistic perspectives lack any resonance with the
current unfolding of a biopolitics tied to debt as a central part of human
existence. Could you shed light on the relation between this process of
financialization and its biopolitical development?
CM: What came out of the 70ies in response
to a general crisis of the Fordist mode of production is a number of
counter-tendencies, like the attack on wages, de-localization, international
investments and financialization which have become chronic to the extend of not
being counter-tendencies anymore. It is a kind of permanent counter-revolution
to the extend that financialization has really changed the relationship between
the sphere of production and the sphere of reproduction. Both at the level of
modes of production: the post-fordist enterprise is something that has to do
very much with the capturing of value outside the direct process of production
– outsourcing, crowdsourcing and so on. But also at the level of forcing labor
power to assume a number of risks which were circumscribed by the capitalist
sphere before the crisis. In this respect Foucault in La naissance de la biopolitique is very interesting because of the
passages on neoliberalism where labor power is concerned as an entrepreneurial
in itself. This idea that each of us has to behave like an entrepreneur. That’s
when the debt-economy comes in because of the double-crisis: First of all the
dismantling of the welfare state as a dispositif of creation of additional
demand through deficit spending. And at the same time the privatization of this
same mechanism through private indebtedness. Every household, every person has
become a center of creation of additional demand by means of debts. The
financialization has been the way by which profits have been able to be
realized thanks to this growing volume of private debts allowing to turn
surplus value into money. I think by now the process has reached a point where
it is legitimate to talk of neoliberalism as a huge factory of the indebted
man. In this respect Maurizio Lazzarato got the point addressing indebtedness
as a sort of social condition which functions on the same level as the wage
relation and at the same time reminding us of the fact of being wage earners as
the general condition throughout the history of capitalism. This poses a number
of serious political questions because to be indebted does not only mean to be
financially trapped. At the same time, debt in German like Nietzsche said is Schuld meaning debt and guilt which
complicates the whole issue: How do we get out of this moral trap? Debt is not
anymore what it used to be, that is a way of bridging the present with the
future in Keynesian terms. In capitalism debt always had a positive function; debt being a
sort of investment into the future. Today debts are accumulating because on the
one hand you invest into the future but on the other hand the future is
investing in you so that you will never be able to pay back and you will always
be trapped in this dispositif. I think here is where you guys come in because
you have been with the Occupy movement and what is happening precisely in
Québec is a demonstration of the importance of a sensitivity for those
phenomena. The only thing that I would also like to add, concerns the fact that
this process is similar to what is happening in Greece at the moment: Greece is
a laboratory where all the levels, individual, collective, public, political
and so on are gathered together. Maybe speaking about struggles and the
difficulties that you mention can also be referred to a very concrete situation
on a national level like the one in Greece.
CB: One important aspect in the current
events in Quebec concerns the question of the production of subjectivity as an
indebted man in relation to governance and how governance is responding to
these events. Particularly in Québec concerning the special law 78 that they
just passed. I am very surprised that a state or rather a province in its
governance reacts by imposing a law. It seems very outdated for me and still
they believe it’s the kind of means to stop what they call “crisis.” What is
going on in this bi-directional mode of governance?
GC: Well, I mean this is not very new
compared to what has happened in response to the Occupy movement in the United
States which has been tremendously repressive in response to a movement that
has been systematically and pragmatically nonviolent. New York city is full of
windows and as far as I know not one window has been busted in the long period
of the occupation of Zuccotti Park. These laws and the response have been quite
clearly very violent and brutal responses both physically and as well in terms
of the legal status that has been attributed to it.
CB: Isn’t it a prolongation of debt because
of the fines you get which put you even more in dept because of this continuous
spiral indebting you and creating guilt?
GC: Yes, the fines are huge!
SF: And now in many states they are
considering reinstituting the prisoners. They want to bring back imprisonment.
In Illinois it is already in place. In a number of states they found ways or
ways of wording the bills so that they can actually put you in prison for that.
It is imputing some sort of fraud. A fraudulent way in which you are left
taking the loans. That puts prisons back on the agenda.
CB: And of course the capitalist production
machine of the university is involved. The highest fines you get are for
preventing other students wanting to go to class. So the question of what kind
of production does this system seek and what the deployment of that law aims at
is the increase of debt because they continue to study because there is no term
taken out of the students’ accounts which could happen if students assert that
they were not able to go to class. Which would be a catastrophe on the side of
the university or the state. How did we come to this point of fees being put in
operation in the first place and why are they continuously rising?
SF: To me I read the process of
financialization in general but in particular applied to education also as a
response to the student movements of the 1960s and 1970s. It is a political
response that tries in fact to bring a new form of discipline in order to kill
the movement. I think the student movement basically dissolved the idea that
has been very dominant in the 1950s and 1960s that motivated big investments of
the state into the educational system – certainly in the United states but not
only there. The idea for example in the US that inspired investment in mass
education was that mass education would pay the investment back, that the workforce
would be much more productive and also education would function as a lesson of
democracy making you identify with the system. The student movement in a sense
was a major disappointment in terms of this objective. I think the capitalist
class came to the conclusion that this investment will not pan out. So, you
have financialization beginning to provide the mechanism for this major
transformation. In fact there is a reversal of the ideology of these optics
resulting in the imposition of fees. By the end of late 1970s open admission
was eliminated. The introduction of fees first started on a small scale and
then continuously increases and outplays all measures of inflation. The way the
change has operated is based on the assumption that investment in education
will not pay back in the future. Accordingly, education is transformed into an
immediate point of accumulation. This is one function of the introduction of
fees: to make education pay right away. Instead of the state investing, giving
the student the resources to educate themselves now you force them to perform
accumulation, to produce profit immediately, to produce surplus immediately.
The other objective is of course the discipline imposed on students while they
are in the university. When you have to pay these very high fees you have to
find a way of getting out of the university as quickly as possible. You don’t
have the time to socialize, you don’t have the time to read the extra book that
does the political work. In a sense all your time has to be consumed by getting
out of the university as quick as possible to find a job. I have students that
even had three jobs. They come to school, they fall asleep and they tell me,
‘don’t take it personally but I had to work until 12 a.m. last night. The discipline
is actually a disciplinary mechanism that extends throughout your work time
because immediately after you finish classes you have to figure out how to find
a job. You don’t have the luxury to decide which kind of job you are going to
choose but you have to find out what allows you to pay the debt. What happens
of course is that many students have put a lot of investment in the time to go
to get this or that certificate to provide them with the good job and at the
end they find out they can’t get the good job anyway. Sure enough they realize
that the bank will triple the interest rate if you don’t pay your installment
in time. Very soon they find themselves in a situation when they cannot pay the
debt. And then your life begins to unravel because particularly the private
banks have collectors who persecute you, call you, call your mother, call your
family. There have been cases of students who have to go underground. I
actually know some students who left the country as they did during the war in
Vietnam. Because they found themselves in front of an amount they will never be
able to pay and confronted with an immense amount of pressure.
The question of debt is extremely important in relation to its transformative
impact on social relations. The
ideology of debt rules out any form of entitlement. The ideology of the 1960s
was in a way that you as a student contributed to the wellbeing of society and
that the university has made an investment in you. This was functional toward
your future contribution to society. It was a social contract between you as a
social figure and the state. Now things are different. Now we are told that in
this neoliberal ideology you are the only person who benefits from these
investments. You want to have a better job? You want to have a better life?
Well, that’s your business. You are a micro-entrepreneur. You are a micro-investor. Why should the
state pay for you to have higher wages? It is the same kind of ideology that
they are now imposing on us in relation to health-care and in relation to
pensions. If you want to have a pension, you will have to invest in it. They
are telling us as soon as you have a child we have to put aside money for it to
go to university.
Everything has become a private matter. This ideology
is very perverse because it percolates into the consciousness and the
subjectivity of people. It creates people who are consumed by a feeling of
guilt that they shouldn’t have allowed themselves to take so much money out of
their accounts, etc. Once they leave university they are already outside of a
social relation. They take the debt on campus but they confront the payment in
a situation of isolation when this ideology can be more effective. The
sensation of failure is a very paralyzing feeling.
Fortunately there is a struggle that is taking place on many levels. Canada now
is really leading the way. It is very important what is happening there. The
students are saying: No! – even to smaller increases in tuition fees because
they have seen what has happened across the border. You start with small fees
and once you begin that road soon the fees escalate beyond control. In the
United States too there is a movement that is growing and it is a movement that
has many sources. For example the organization is taking a kind of consumer
perspective, saying: ‘what we should fight for is a kind of private bankruptcy.’
Another strategy says: ‘what we should fight for is the cancellation of the
debt because this will stimulate the economy.’ Now there is a third movement
growing which has been stimulated by the Occupy movement,
saying: we are not going to pay the debt because this debt is not legitimate.
‘We have to pay for the right to have a certificate and the right to work. We
have to pay in order to be exploited.’ This is a movement that is both by
students and teachers. It is a movement that is working through the pledge
stating: ‘if another million students are not going to pay their debt I am not
going to pay.’ This movement also has pledges for teachers because many like us
do not any longer want to be accomplices for an educational system that turns
students into slaves.
We don’t find it politically acceptable
anymore to teach as if this was purely a matter of transmitting cultural ideas
while we are involved in this machine which is basically working on the
students’ lives. It is very good that the movement has made a space for that as
well.
CB: The question of affect and aesthetics
interests me in relation to these movements. Now everyone talks about the new
movement and the embrace of difference and radical inclusion as well as the
refusal of naming clear demands. They are very important steps to be taken. But
also the questions of aesthetic strategies being deployed are of relevance.
There is a politics of aesthetics happening through the movements, an affective
politics. For me this question pertains much more to the question of affect
itself than a mere discussion of affective labor which deals with reproductive
forms of labor and the problems coming out of that. What I am interested in is
the affective level of something that is felt and through that feeling there is
a different sense of collectivity happening which is not just the grouping of
people under an ideology or an idea but a felt intensity of something happening.
Through this process new modes of expression come to the fore. You mentioned in
an earlier conversation that the question of technology should not be
undervalued in these kinds of practices. How does that relate to the aesthetic
and affective level of these movements?
SF: The way I like to put it if you speak
of aesthetics and affective levels is that we have a movement now – whatever
its objective and organizational form – representing something new because it
brought to the fore this whole issue of reproducing in itself at the center of
political organizing. We have seen even before the Occupy movement – but the Occupy movement has made it
visible – the need and desire for a kind of politics that recalls something of
a feminist politics: the refusal to separate the political and the personal,
the affective and the political. We used to discuss in New York particularly
with people of the younger generation of activists the idea of creating a
self-reproducing movement. We conceptualize this as a movement that would not
continuously surge and collapse, surge and collapse but would actually have a
continuity through all its transformations. This continuity would be precisely
the ability to also place the needs of people and the relationship of people at
the center of the organizing. This is also what you are referring to by
affectivity as a sharing of space, the sharing of reproductivity, like the
preparing of food, the conversations in the nights or the sleeping together
under the tents, of making a sign together, of bringing
together this creativity as being an extremely important aspect of this
movement. For many people it has been really a transformative experience
inseparable from the specific demands, which I wouldn’t actually call demands.
Demands imply a passive relationship to the donors weather this is the state of
capital or the employer. Whereas if we speak of objectives we speak of
something that has an effect in the way it brings people together. An objective
maps a terrain on which people can come together rather than mapping a relation
of dependence. The way that the movement has insisted on not following the
politics of demand and refusing a politics of representation has been extremely
important.
GF: My sense of the experience of being in
the encampments that developed not only in New York but also in Maine. The
Occupy movement there showed me that is was by the ability of people to stay at
the encampments. When the temperatures went down below freezing and they spent
the night there to go to the general assemblies in the middle of snow it was a
physically and bodily measure of how fed up these people were in an affective
way. People facing tremendous assaults and lots of criticism for demanding to
be able to stay together against their own health showed to me that something
is happening. It is like the temperature check in the assembly showing that
something is really happening, that it’s really hot.
SF: And the joy and the resonance of these
tactics, of these bodily tactics, like the mike-check is a symbol of the
affectivity you are referring to. The way people speak of mike-check is so
powerful. Mike-check has become a kind of statement for saying: “we are
together! And we are going to do what we desire weather the others are going to
allow it or not.” It has become this emotional solidarity pledge or solidarity
expression.
CB: On the expressive level mike-check is
interesting because it is not an order-word anymore, it’s a proposition. It is
very moving for instance how the “casseroladas” are taking place now every
evening in Montréal as such a mode of expression.
SF: Exactly, and how they moved from
Argentina to Madrid and now to Montréal. Something that began in Latin America
is now circulating through different languages defining a common notion.
CB: And isn’t that part of the continuity
you described earlier? Since the 1970s there has been a continuous struggle in
Argentina, ceaselessly reproducing and reinventing itself and steadily
inspiring similar techniques for struggles around the globe?
SF: Exactly!
George Caffentzis is a political philosopher and autonomist Marxis teaching at the
University of Sothern Maine.
Silvia Federici is a feminist theorist and activist living in New York. She is
professor emeritus teaching at Hofstra University.
Christian Marazzi is an economist and autonmist. He is the director of Socio-Economic
Research at the Scuola Universitaria della Svizzera Italiana
Christoph Brunner is a research at Zurich University of the Arts and PhD candidate at
Concordia University Montréal.
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